RADIOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION – LEVEL 2

RADIOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION (RI) 

Industrial Radiography or Radiographic Testing (RT) uses ionizing electromagnetic radiation to view objects in a way that can’t be seen otherwise. It is not to be confused with the use of ionizing radiation to change or modify objects; radiography’s purpose is strictly for viewing. It is a method of inspecting materials for hidden flaws by using the capability of short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, x-rays and gamma radiation, to penetrate various materials.

Gamma radiation sources, most commonly Iridium-192 and Cobalt-60, are used to inspect a variety of materials. The vast majority of radiography concerns the testing and grading of welds on pressurized piping, pressure vessels, high-capacity storage containers, pipelines, and some structural welds. Other tested materials include concrete (locating rebar or conduit), welder’s test coupons, machined parts, plate metal, or pipewall (locating anomalies due to corrosion or mechanical damage). Theoretically, industrial radiographers could radiograph any solid, flat material (walls, ceilings, floors, square or rectangular containers) or any hollow cylindrical or spherical object.

COURSE DESCRIPTIONS:

Preparation course designed for personnel responsible for judging the quality of radiograph and reaching informed decisions regarding the identity and extent of the defects revealed. Training in radiographic interpretation is  provides essential knowledge on radiographic theory and practice to enable interpreters to judge radiographic quality and concentrate on practical interpretation of welds respectively.

Principles of X- and gamma-radiography; equipment; safety; selection of films and screens; exposure; processing; characteristics of the image; choice of technique; relevant standards; sensitivity, factors affecting the quality of radiographs.

WHO SHOULD ATTEND:
Radiographers, inspectors, engineers and surveyors who wish to interpret radiographs but do not have a good understanding of the principles of radiography. (This course forms part of the preparation for SKM Level 2 Radiographic Interpretation examination).

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

– To explain the basic theory of radiography
– To state basic radiation safety principles
– To explain principles relating to selection of films, energy levels and techniques
– To evaluate radiographic sensitivity

GENERAL COURSE OUTLINE

Types of Radiation

   X‐Ray
• Gamma Ray
• Attenuation of Electromagnetic Radiation
• Inverse Square law
• Radiation detectors including Dosimeter, survey meter, film badge, TLD
• Radiographic Screens
• Lead Intensifying Screens
• Fluorescent Intensifying Screens
• Screen Film Contrast
• Screen Cleanliness and care
• Film Speed
• Selection of Film
• Geometrical unsharpness and definition
• Radiographic Sensitivity
• Radiographic Density
• Radiographic Contrast
• Film and Subject Contrast
• Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
• Exposure techniques including
• Single Wall single image
• Double wall single image
• Double wall double image
• Panoramic techniques

SPECIFIC
ASME Section V Article 2
ASTM E-94

PRACTICALS
• Viewing
• Radiographic Interpretation
• Illuminator Requirements
• Penetrameter Requirements
• Dark Adaptation
• Visual Acuity
• Film Identification
• Location Markers
• Film Density Measurements
• Densitometer and Step Wedge

Film Viewing
• Practice Film Viewing
• IQI
• 2‐2T holes
• Wire Penetrameter
• Identification of Defects
• Interpretation
• Accept/Reject

Unsatisfactory Radiographs
• High or Low Density
• High or Low Contrast
• Poor Definition
• Fog
• Light Leakage
• Film Artifacts

EXAMINATIONS
• General
• Specific
• Practical

Note: Candidates must score a minimum of 70 % for each paper